The Elements Of Comic Books - 1300 Words

Genres are shaped by the elements that the samples display, or by the rhetorical devices that they seem to share. Genres such as comic books tend to have many elements in common; however, more similarities can be detected when the scope of the genre is further narrowed. Most specifically, a multitude of comic books display elements of mythology. Whether it be the characters or the archetypes displayed throughout, mythology has played a large role in today’s and the past’s comic books and art based off of those comic books. Writers and Researchers such as Merin Sanil explain that â€Å"Heroes from a part of most cultures serve as various social and psychological functions,† and â€Å"heroes have developed through a mythological lens† (2). Sanil goes†¦show more content†¦Comics commonly use rhetorical devices such as syntax, tone, the appeals and diction. The appeals, ethos, pathos and logos are used to help the reader relate to the comics. Some com ics even borrow languages and archaic dialogue from mythology. Thor has been the only superhero to speak in archaic and Norse mythology throughout the entirety of his comic series. In Thor: The Dark World, Stan Lee use of pathos allows the reader to sympathize with not only Thor, but one of the villains, Loki. With the two being adopted brothers, the death of their mother helps the reader understand that there is a certain complexity to Loki and that he is not simply a character who is there to ruin the universe. There relationship is similar to that of Greek mythology, Zeus and Hades. Although both understand that they have to get along to a certain extent because they will eventually have to bond together to fight a common enemy, they also know that their differences and what tore them apart in the first place will never be solved and they will never return to what they previously were. The syntax and diction used throughout the comics formulates the surroundings of where the comics take place. The use of language from the 40’s and 50’s helps transform the modern day to the past in comics such as Captain America. Although the comics were written during that time, the language allows recent readersShow MoreRelatedDc Marvel : Dc Comics1066 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter in the comic book world, DC Comics or Marvel Comics? Everyone has their own opinions on who has the better stories and characters, and which comes out with the better movies and shows, but when you break it down each one has different qualities that make it better. Marvel and DC are the most well-known comic creators in the world. These companies kick-started the superhero/supervillain franchise. Marvel comics was founded in October 1939 Timely Comics, by Martin Goodman. The first comic publishedRead MoreBeowulf: The Canonization of Anglo-Saxon Literature into Modern Popular Culture769 Word s   |  4 Pages1975 comic book Beowulf: Dragon Slayer features a red-haired, horn-helmeted Beowulf swinging a large broadsword at a purple-caped villain also bearing two razor-sharp swords. As Beowulf rears up on his steed, a bikini clad woman, cloth slightly aside to reveal the shadow of a buttock is drawn falling, face filled with terror. In the background, a rising full moon and silhouetted gothic castle keenly set an atmosphere of dread and foreboding. Above the emboldened title of the comic book readsRead MoreThe Comics As New Form Of Communication1684 Words   |  7 PagesReenvisioning Comics as New Form of Communication It is a truth universally acknowledged that as man has evolved into a more complex being, the appearance of pictures has gradually been replaced by words. As children mature, they are often encouraged to read lengthy novels as opposed to comics, which are deemed to be childish and simple. However, this denies them the potential that comics can offer in terms of communication and creativity. In his graphic essay, Show and Tell, comic artistRead MoreGothic Realism And The Vampire Sub Cultures1512 Words   |  7 Pagesstill love in the novels of today. Lord Ruthven is as much debonair heartbreaker as monster.† (Waterstones, 2014) British pop culture professor and writer, Christopher Frayling, described Vampyr as â€Å"the first story successfully to fuse the disparate elements of vampirism into a coherent literary genre†. (Matthew Beresford, 2008) Right from the beginning, Gothic was a form cloaked in mystery. I believe Gothic tales were never to be taken seriously, there s something playful, even slightly revolutionaryRead MoreThe History of Comics Essay609 Words   |  3 PagesComics were established again after many years in mid 1800’s by Swiss artists Rodolphe Topffer as he made comics popular again and started adding heroes and stories rather than having them talk about religion and history. He also included sounds in the word balloons to give the comic â€Å"movement† like †BOOM† or â€Å"POW†. Comics as an art forms were recognized in the late 19th century. Newspapers and magazines are what first established comics and popularized them. Rodolphe Topffer’s style of comics continuedRead MoreThe Effects Of Comic Books On Children942 Words   |  4 Pageswould become an overwhelming emotion when exposed to violence in society. Jones saw that comic books could be an avenue to lead ch ildren out of this emotion trap. Jones used his son as an example to show how effective this technique really works. â€Å"In the first grade, his friends started climbing a tree at school. But his son was afraid of falling†¦I took my cue from his own fantasies and read him old Tarzan comics, rich in combat and adventure †¦Then he put them aside. He mustarded up the courage andRead MoreGraphic In Comic Books And Graphic Novelsbram1158 Words   |  5 Pages Page:of 10 Graphic BleedVampires in comic books and graphic novelsBram Stoker’s Dracula #1 (1992). Panel art by Mike Mingola.Since the 18th century, Vampires have ultimatelytranscended narrativeboundaries and genre divides. The Vampiresub- ­Ã¢â‚¬ culturehasflourishes in neo gothic aesthetics in science fiction and fantasy,in romantic and young adultliteratureand incelluloid. VampiregraphicRead MoreBook Nation : The Transformation Of Youth Culture1500 Words   |  6 Pages To begin, what are comic books? Well according to Bradford W. Wright the author of Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America â€Å"Comic books are created, distributed, and sold on their own merits to a paying and overwhelmingly young audience† (Wright, 2001, p.xiv). Since the beginning of time (particularly beginning in the 1920’s), comic books have always been a creative reflection of what’s going on in popular culture. Comic books tend to perfectly depict animations that relateRead MoreThe Superhero Movie Industry1352 Words   |  6 Pagesthough this sentiment applies to a disproportionate amount of females in the superhero universe, you’re not alone. In this research paper i will be investigating the lack of accountability in the authors of misogynistic comics and the implications the that this makes for the comic book industr y as a whole. I will be analyzing Grant Morrison’s All-Star Superman as a primary source, and multiple reference and critical essays to examine differing viewpoints and to give historical context to the problemRead MoreThe And The Dark Knight And Shows Like The Walking Dead Comic Book Based Properties1688 Words   |  7 PagesComic books, in todays rise of all that is geek it is hard to avoid hearing about the next comic that is being adapted into a movie or TV show. With films like The Avengers and The Dark Knight and shows like The Walking Dead comic book based properties are taking over most of pop culture today. Yet, despite all the attention on these properties there is still an overwhelmingly popular misconception that comics are â€Å"kids stuff.† Yet, unbeknownst to the overall public in western society comics are

Efeects on Moving to Another State Free Essays

Shanell Broussard J. Davis English 090, 4206 03 April 2013 Effects on moving to another state Moving can be all sorts of things. It can be fun to most; or a worst nightmare. We will write a custom essay sample on Efeects on Moving to Another State or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sometimes moves are forced due to certain situations, such as new job or trouble in home. No matter what the reason; moving to another state for anybody is somewhat difficult. I moved from New York to North Carolina a year ago. I decided to move with my grandmother until I can get on my feet. For me, the specific effects of moving from one state to another were, meeting new people, starting over and emotions. The first significant effect of moving from one state to another for me was meeting new people. Making new friends is not easy, because I am not a gregarious person; which can be a detriment for me. Plus in today’s society I can not trust everybody. Me being from New York, people tend to judge me. They may think I have a nasty attitude or that I think I am better than them; because of where I come from. So when I am out in the public I do try and communicate with others; once I have held a conversation with someone and tell them that I am from New York; they seem surprise, because they heard of northern people being arrogant and rude. Which sometimes get annoying, I feel like I have to put forth extra when trying to get to know someone; I want people to build their own opinion about who I am and not what they heard. I want them to see that there are some good people up north. After a few days I started being more confident in talking to people. The second significant effect of moving from one state to another is starting over in looking for a decent neighborhood, to raise my children. Not knowing which areas were good or bad; made the decision difficult for me. Finding the right neighborhood was not my only issue; finding the right apartment was not easy either. The area would have to be kid friendly, a community park and pool would be nice. I have to be sure if it is the place for me, for I do not plan on moving no time soon. Once that is done, I can move on to my next step; which is finding the right daycare for my children to attend. Just like the doctor issue; it is somewhat similar. I have to really do my research for daycares; I am very nervous about leaving my children with someone I practically know. With younger kids that are unable to communicate the situation is harder to deal with. There are things that I have to look for; such as, the cleanliness of the area, how well do the other assistants interact with the children and so forth. The third significant effect of moving from one state to another was the emotions of the love ones around me. With the big move came a lot of stress. Having to deal with the move, looking for the right daycare and doctors; was not a very easy thing. But what really affected me, is when I knew I was leaving behind all my family and friends. People I known all my life were not going to be there anymore. The children also showed signs that the move had affected them. They were moody than usual. When dropping them off at daycare; they would cry and scream, sometimes they would even act out in class. I was called several times the first few weeks. Adjusting to this unfamiliar place was somewhat difficult for me. Not knowing where to turn to, feeling like I had no one to confide in was really stressful. Feeling like the move was not going to work out, like if I had failed; and that I was not going to survive. People all around the world has experienced a difficult move once in there life. There will feel like; so many hassles in a situation like this one. I had no choice but to except all that I went through. I had to be strong not only for myself, but for my children. There was no way that I would give up accomplishing something I did all on my own. So I prayed it to be over soon. How to cite Efeects on Moving to Another State, Papers

Paintball Essay Paper Example For Students

Paintball Essay Paper Paintball is a fast and furious sport. It is played on both a social and serious level by over 16 million people around the world (Cooke,11). It is one of the fastest growing sports on the planet. Paintballs history, games, guns, and safety are all part of the fun. In 1970, James Hale, an engineer, invented and patented the first commercially successful paintball gun. Paintball guns were first used by the National Forest Association to mark trees that would be cut down. Then, it was used to mark cattle by cowboys. One night while sitting around a campfire, one cowboy shot another and that is how the game of paintball got started. This splotchmaker can rightfully claim to be the grandfather of modern paintball guns (Peters, 73). Over the next two decades, Daisy Manufacturing Co. Inc. of Airgun Frames manufactured these guns under contract for the Nelson Paint Co. During this twenty year span, paintball evolved from a survivalist game into the wholesome, exciting, family game it is today. In paintball, there are two teams equipped with paintball markers. These are basically low-powered airguns that fire small capsules of paint. It is not a dangerous sport. The only real danger is getting hit in the eye with a paintball. Wearing specific goggles made for paintball easily stops this danger. This rule is strictly enforced at all reputable playing fields worldwide. Obviously if a player is out of sight of the referee and takes off his mask, then he is looking for trouble. American Insurance statistics show that it is safer to play paintball than to play golf or go fishing (Pierce, 17). Getting hit by a paintball generally does not hurt. You may get an occasional bruise, but on the whole the game is not painful. The excitement certainly outweighs any momentary discomfort a player may feel. To lesson the chance of being bruised, long sleeved shirts and pants are highly recommended. To be on the safe side, more than one layer should be worn. Bright colors should be avoided, purely because the more visible you are, the more likely you are to be shot. Most people like to wear camouflage clothing. This helps them to blend into the environment and not be easily shot. Also, good quality hiking or trail boots with ankle support is a good idea to protect both feet and ankles. There are many different leagues and tournaments you can participate in as a player. In a league setting, you usually play a round robin. Each week you play a different team in the league until you have played all of the teams. Then, whoever has the best record wins the league. In a tournament, it is usually single elimination. If your team loses, then they are done. If they win, then your team gets to keep moving on. When it is finally down to two teams, they play for the championship. Whoever wins is the champion and they get a prize. Sometimes, it is money (up to five thousand dollars), cases of paintballs, or free entry into the next tournament. There is a wide range of paintball guns on the market today. There are also various price ranges to go along with the various types of guns. The first kind of gun is the pump-action. This is the least expensive of the three types of guns. It is made of hard plastic and very little metal. The pump-action gun costs between fifty to one hundred dollars and shoots about 100 to 150 feet. This is a good gun for beginners or younger player because it is inexpensive and easy to use. Do not expect to be able to compete in tournaments with this gun. The next and most popular type of gun is the semi-automatic. It will shoot as fast as you pull the trigger. These are good; reliable guns made mostly of metal and very little plastic. This gun costs between two hundred and one thousand dollars and is a lot more accurate than the pump-action gun. It shoots over 300 feet per shot. Most people use this gun when they play. To make this gun last as long as possible, it should be oiled after every one th ousand shots. The third and most expensive type of gun is the fully automatic. It costs between one thousand two hundred dollars to over two thousand dollars and is made of lightweight metal and plastic. All you have to do is hold the trigger and it will shoot six to eight shots per second. Only professional players use these guns because most people cannot afford them. These guns shoot between 300 and 350 feet per shot and also should be oiled after every one thousand shots. Choosing the right paintball gun is one of the most important decisions before playing paintball. Greek Writings EssayA third game is every man for himself. This game is played the same as seek out and destroy except each person plays alone. The game begins by each person walking in a different direction. After a few minutes someone can blow a whistle and you can start looking for other players. The game ends when there is only one person left. A fourth game is called relief force. Here is how the game is set up. One-third of the first team is allowed a head start (10 minutes) to place themselves in a defensive position within an area chosen by the referee. The players in this force are allowed only twenty paintballs apiece. Once in place, this unit is then surrounded by the entire opposing team, at a range chosen by the referee. The remaining two-thirds of the first team starts at the far end of the field from their encircled teammates. The teammates of the surrounded unit must break through and evacuate as many of their trapped buddies as possible. They may bring extra ammunition to resupply the trapped unit should they reach them in time. Surrounded players play on normally at all times until eliminated. A variation of this theme assumes the encircled troops have captured some item such as secret plans, represented by a briefcase or notebook. To win, the relief force must keep this item from falling into the hands of the surrounding team. If the surrounding team captures the item and returns it to their station, they win. Also, surrounding players alive at the end of the game can be assigned a point value to make their rescue even more important. The last game is a continuous play game. The only extra items you need are a paper punch and a player card. This is a great game to play when you have a continuous stream of experienced players arriving on the field at different times. Each player is given a card to keep track of how many times he or she is eliminated. When eliminated, the player comes off the field, punches the card and returns to the game. The team loses points every time a team member is eliminated. The team gains points every time they bring back the opposing sides flag. Paintball is a fun and serious game. It does not glorify war. It is an old paintball adage that the sport actually proves how easy it is to be shot. The supporters of paintball like to prefer the sport as a tactical game of skill. (Cooke, 93) You need to wear protection and play fair so everyone stays safe. Also, you can play the regular, basic games or make up your own. The most important thing is to have fun and play responsibly. Category: Miscellaneous

The Sword In The Stone Essays - Merlin, , Term Papers

The Sword in the Stone The Sword in the Stone is a book about an adopted child named Wart. He is of royal blood and does not know this. One day when Wart is in the forest, he finds a magician named Merlin. Merlin comes home with Wart and agrees with Sir Ector, Wart's guardian, to become Wart's tutor. Merlin goes about educating Wart by transforming him into different animals. Through each transformation Wart experiences different forms of power, each being a part of how he should rule as king. The first transformation plunges Wart and Merlin into the castle's moat as fish. They proceed to meet the largest fish in the moat, who is the ruler. This fish takes what he wants because of his size. In a speech about power, he tells Wart that, "Might is right," and might of the body is greater than might of the mind. Because of the way the fish-king rules, his subjects obey him out of fear for their lives. Wart experiences this firsthand when the fish-king tells him to leave. He has grown bored of Wart, and if Wart does not leave he will eat him. The king uses his size as his claim to power, therefore his subjects follow him out of fear. In Wart's next transformation into a hawk, he soars into the castle's mews. All the birds in the mews have a military rank. Their leader is an old falcon, who Sir Ector keeps for show. The birds who rank below the falcon, hold her in highest regard because of her age. She applies her power over the other birds with no concern for their lives. In one instance, Wart is ordered to stand next to the cage of a crazy hawk who almost kills him. On the other hand, her seasoned age brings respect, since she had not been released once she outlived her usefulness as a huntress. This allows her to maintain a powerful grip over all the birds she rules through fear and respect. Next, Wart is transformed into an ant and posted within an ant colony. There is a single leader of the ants, and she is the only thinking individual in the whole nest. All the ants are manipulated and overseen by her. Each ant has a specific task, which it completes repeatedly. The absolute power exerted by the leader destroys all individualism, leaving the ants with no creativity. Instead, they use trial and error to complete tasks that should take only a small amount of thought. Wart sees this occur when an ant tries with difficulty to organize three cadavers in a small burial chamber, when a small amount of reasoning would have solved the problem quickly. The ants are of a collective mind, so that what one thinks, they all think. They go about their daily lives oblivious to the control the leader has over them. Wart's fourth transformation places him in a flock of geese. These geese are a peace loving race that never kill. There is one leader to a group who is called The Admiral. He guides them on their flight south for the winter. The Admiral receives his position because of his knowledge of the southern migration route. He is only elected if all the geese in the migration group agree he is capable of doing the job. During the flight the geese obey his choices, since he is their elected leader. But his power ends once they are back on the ground, where he is only looked upon as a respected elder. In the final transformation Wart visits the badger. The badger is a great philosopher who enjoys giving scholarly commentaries. While Wart is visiting him, he explains a story he has written on the creation of the animal kingdom's hierarchy. In his commentary he explains how man answered God's riddle and is awarded control over the animal kingdom. He lives a life of solitude because many other animals do not think at his level. They listen because he is old and experienced, and with this comes respect. Through each of the transformations, Wart sees different uses of power. Wart must choose how he will eventually govern his kingdom. The leaders he visits, govern in their own way, each retaining their power through different methods. When these are combined, the following picture of how a leader should or should not rule emerges: A leader should not attempt to rule his or her people through might and fear, as does the fisk-king.

Free Essays on Television Generation

Television Generation There is no doubt that the media had always had some influence on the public and the shared values of the American people. However, in the last decade there has been a substantial increase in the extent of that influence. In 1996 a study conducted by the National Institute on Media and the Family illustrated how new this powerful influence is. The survey states that in the 1970’s â€Å"less than 50 percent of parents believed that the mass media influenced the attitudes and values of their children.† (Plugged In and Tuned Out). Thirty years later that number has drastically changed. The National Institute on Media and the Family says that, â€Å"Today, an overwhelming majority of parents, some 88 percent, believe that mass media have a pervasive influence,† on their children. These statistics show that the media unquestionably has a lot of power in shaping our generation, which gives them an immense about of responsibility. In turn, our generation has be come a highly conscious community of young people concerned with unimportant beliefs and ideas. The cinema, magazines, and advertisements are all to blame for transferring these meaningless thoughts into our heads, hence the title â€Å"Television Generation.† There have been many changes in American culture and in the extent of the media’s influence over the public over the last thirty to forty years. The media’s influence has expanded as a result of the greater access people have to various media forms. In the 1950s only 10% of American homes owned a television set. By the 1960s almost 90% of homes had a television; this is quite a large increase. Today, over 99% of homes have a television and 54% of children in the United States have a television set in their bedrooms. It has also been reported that many American households have more televisions than telephones. (Baby Bag – Nielson Media Research). This shows that the children and adolesce... Free Essays on Television Generation Free Essays on Television Generation Television Generation There is no doubt that the media had always had some influence on the public and the shared values of the American people. However, in the last decade there has been a substantial increase in the extent of that influence. In 1996 a study conducted by the National Institute on Media and the Family illustrated how new this powerful influence is. The survey states that in the 1970’s â€Å"less than 50 percent of parents believed that the mass media influenced the attitudes and values of their children.† (Plugged In and Tuned Out). Thirty years later that number has drastically changed. The National Institute on Media and the Family says that, â€Å"Today, an overwhelming majority of parents, some 88 percent, believe that mass media have a pervasive influence,† on their children. These statistics show that the media unquestionably has a lot of power in shaping our generation, which gives them an immense about of responsibility. In turn, our generation has be come a highly conscious community of young people concerned with unimportant beliefs and ideas. The cinema, magazines, and advertisements are all to blame for transferring these meaningless thoughts into our heads, hence the title â€Å"Television Generation.† There have been many changes in American culture and in the extent of the media’s influence over the public over the last thirty to forty years. The media’s influence has expanded as a result of the greater access people have to various media forms. In the 1950s only 10% of American homes owned a television set. By the 1960s almost 90% of homes had a television; this is quite a large increase. Today, over 99% of homes have a television and 54% of children in the United States have a television set in their bedrooms. It has also been reported that many American households have more televisions than telephones. (Baby Bag – Nielson Media Research). This shows that the children and adolesce...

Antebellum Steamboats

The success was amazing. People could now defy wind, waves, tides, and downstream currents. Carrying capacity doubled. Keelboats went up the Mississippi at about 1 mph which was very expensive. The steamboats traveled over 10 mph against the current. By 1820 there were 60 steamboats on the Mississippi. By 1860 there were over 1000. Rivalries developed and led to racing. The steamboats led to an opening of the West and South which were filled with rivers. Until 1830 the products of the western region went southward and very little finished products made their way back west. The steamboat helped to send the finished products upriver and helped bind West and South together. This binding inspired the transportation revolution. In 1787, John Fitch built the first recorded steam powered boat in the United States. It was propelled by a row of oars on each side of the boat. He experimented with side-mounted paddle wheels, but in 1790 he used stern mounted oars instead. Fitch was the first to operate a steamboat commercially. It had scheduled transport of passengers and freight on the Delaware River in 1790. The first successful use of steam power to navigate a paddle wheel boat in America was in 1793. Samuel Morey used his steamboat on the Connecticut River. Robert Fulton became interested in steamboats at the age of 12 when he visited William Henry in 1777. He built and tested an experimental steamboat on the Seine River in 1803. Before returning to the United States, Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt, and built what the North River Steamboat. In 1807, the ship began passenger service between New York City and Albany. Antebellum Steamboats The success was amazing. People could now defy wind, waves, tides, and downstream currents. Carrying capacity doubled. Keelboats went up the Mississippi at about 1 mph which was very expensive. The steamboats traveled over 10 mph against the current. By 1820 there were 60 steamboats on the Mississippi. By 1860 there were over 1000. Rivalries developed and led to racing. The steamboats led to an opening of the West and South which were filled with rivers. Until 1830 the products of the western region went southward and very little finished products made their way back west. The steamboat helped to send the finished products upriver and helped bind West and South together. This binding inspired the transportation revolution. In 1787, John Fitch built the first recorded steam powered boat in the United States. It was propelled by a row of oars on each side of the boat. He experimented with side-mounted paddle wheels, but in 1790 he used stern mounted oars instead. Fitch was the first to operate a steamboat commercially. It had scheduled transport of passengers and freight on the Delaware River in 1790. The first successful use of steam power to navigate a paddle wheel boat in America was in 1793. Samuel Morey used his steamboat on the Connecticut River. Robert Fulton became interested in steamboats at the age of 12 when he visited William Henry in 1777. He built and tested an experimental steamboat on the Seine River in 1803. Before returning to the United States, Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt, and built what the North River Steamboat. In 1807, the ship began passenger service between New York City and Albany.

Conflict resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Conflict resolution - Essay Example Employees can at times become under-motivated due to workload, stress, and not getting a raise. For example, if a worker at a company is making three to five orders a day, and then the manager raises the quota to ten orders a day, they will eventually become burned-out if the pace is sustained for too long. The employee may then react by brining their personal stresses and worries into work, in process of emotional contagion that reflects on the entire workplace. Workers who are burnt out are also more likely to give up projects. There are various coping strategies that employees who are stressed or burnt out can use to combat the problem of employee burn out on different levels of the organization. The professional requires a workplace that is free of emotional contagion, stress, and dissonance. And this is what Michael’s workplace seems to be trying to do with its employees by making more links between work, society, and the employee, as well as presenting a united front to management regarding goals of motivation and output. However, Michael needs to make a decision. â€Å"From what has been theorized and inferred, it is understandable that job insecurity is highly threatening to employees given the prospect of losing the positive material, social, and psychological benefits associated with employment (De Witte, 1999)† (Reisel, 2007). Long term plans for the situation in which Michael finds himself must focus on stress and coping in the employee environment. The case of Michael shows how often an environment in which an integrated approach to work can reduce conflict, and allow managers to better meet the needs of all of their employees, rather than just some of them. From one perspective, Michael could try performance-based rewards, if employees are not finding as much intrinsic rewards in their work as they could be. In other words, Michael should try offering

Current legislation, standards and guidance require microbial Essay

Current legislation, standards and guidance require microbial monitoring of utilities (eg steam and water), facilities (eg the c - Essay Example The design of the sterile services department facility must be perfect in every detail to prevent microbial contamination of the area and the products. The entryway must be set up as to prevent unauthorised persons from gaining access and to stop workers from entering while wearing improper or insufficient protective clothing, since this traffic would bring outside contaminants into the sterile area. There must be space to separate sterilized equipment from contaminated equipment, so that no microbial cross-contamination occurs. Washrooms and changing rooms must be available to the staff and set up so that workers' outside clothing never comes into contact with their sterile gear (Sterile Services 2004). Due to the strenuous nature of these and dozens of other requirements, many hospitals and medical offices now choose to obtain their sterile equipment through a commercial retailer rather than have their own sterile services department on-site (Lawrence & May 2003). ... vel of particulate matter in the air is used to calculate the possible amount of microbial life present in the clean room facility, as well as dust and other contaminants such as ski and hair. (Rousseau 2004). It is monitored by a discrete-particle counter, which can detect particle diameters anywhere between 0,1 and 5 ?m to aid in determining the ISO clean room class of the facility (Schicht 2003). A sterile services department is required to contain the necessary equipment to disinfect medical products in an approved manner, following a validated sterilization process; the preferred method is steam sterilization (Russel, Hugo, & Ayliffe 1999). Steam sterilization is used because it is non-toxic and provides the most effective method for destroying many types of microbial life. Unfortunately, many contemporary surgical tools and medical devices are made of plastic, and would not survive a steam sterilization cycle. These items are decontaminated with a low-temperature method, such a s acid immersion (HIPAC 2008). Because many medical devices are considered critical risk, designed to come in contact with a patient sub-dermally, it is vitally important for a sterile services department to keep their sterilization equipment in perfect working order. The sterilizer itself must be tested daily to ensure it functions properly and completes an entire sterilization cycle, weekly for safety and function, and annually by a testing technician to check the steriliser against manufacturer specifications (Lawrence & May 2003). These tests help the sterile services department ensure that their sterilizer is actually removing the microbial load. Since the margin for error with sterilization is so narrow, a sterile services department must also ensure all incoming utilities, especially

Progression of Morality Essay Example for Free

Progression of Morality Essay Throughout the centuries, morality has guided the beliefs and actions of families as well as societies. It has brought them together but it has also torn them apart. These beliefs continue to be a dominant force throughout many societies, affecting everything from what people wear to how they behave. The progression of morality has been a powerful basis for societies. The spectrum of greater access to the ideas and customs of different cultures, because of technology mass media and entertainment, especially television, has resulted in a diverse cultural blending. As cultural ideas move with people among cultures, some beliefs seem to have a greater effect than others. Blending of Morality In the 21st century, ideas from the West have been one of the dominant forces in shaping cultures in many parts of the world. The United States domination of the worldwide mass media has influenced different cultures significantly, leaving behind a legacy of western customs and ideas. The English language is also spoken globally, mainly because of Europe’s history of colonization in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. It has emerged as one of the premier international languages. English is the most common language used on the Internet and is responsible, in part, for the emergence of a dynamic global culture. Western business suits are standard uniforms among many people. McDonald’s hamburgers and Coca-Cola soft drinks can be purchased in many countries around the world. Many Disney characters are now commonly recognized because of Human World Views: HUM 360 Walt Disney theme park locations in Paris, Tokyo, and Hong Kong. These examples of common dress, food, and entertainment all originate from America and are incorporated into other cultures. Western influence has also affected ways of thinking as well in many cultures with the expansion of materialism. This American mindset of placing high value on acquiring material possessions seems to have been adopted by many people of different cultures. Conflicts of Morality There have also been many historical conflicts among people of different racial, national, linguistic, or cultural groups. Some ethnic or religious groups have had moral issues that reach back for decades and, in some, for centuries. Examples of such conflicts would be â€Å"the troubles† between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland (McKittrick McVea, 2002) and the hostilities between Palestinians and Jews in the Middle East. People caught in these conflicts, that have been characterized by terrible violence, sometimes suffered torture or massacres of their whole towns or villages. An exemplification of such extreme immoral behavior is the violence imposed on the Kurds, a nomadic group in southwest Asia. For decades, Kurds have wanted their own separate country. But because their traditional lands cross the borders of three nations, it’s been an unsettling issue (McDowall, 2004). The Turks have responded to the Kurdish nationalism by forbidding Kurds to speak their native language. The Iranians have also persecuted the Kurds, attacking them over religious issues. In the late 1980’s, the Iraqis used chemical weapons on the Kurds, known as the Halabja Massacre or Bloody Friday , killing around 5,000 people (Esteri, 2012). Throughout history and present day, morality has played an important role in bringing people together. It has also, at times, driven them apart. Morality guides the beliefs and behaviors of its members. Whatever emotions it prompts, morality remains one of the most powerful influential forces on mankind in the world. ?

Essay --

Pedro Ventura Mary Cook English 1302.54 13 February 2014 E1. Analysis Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†- Worry about yourself instead of others!!! In today’s society, people are so concerned about others people life’s that they lose the real meaning to theirs. A Good Man is Hard to Find is a great example of that. The short story was about a grandmother that lived her life pointing out other people’s defects but had not realized her own. The short story was first published in 1959, and it all started with a family planning a road trip to Florida. Although, the grandmother wanted to go to Tennessee, her son, Bailey insisted in going to Florida. As they were traveling to Florida, the grandmother started to talk about an old house that she thought was close by. As a result, it caused the family to deviate the road they were on due to a tantrum the kids made. The grandmother then realized that the house was in Tennessee and not in Georgia, as a result it caused Bailey to lose control of the car and crash. As they were checking if everyone were okay a car pulled over besides them, and 3 men got out all carrying guns. Quickly, the grandmother recognizes the driver as The Misfit, as a result it led to everyone dying in the hands of the driver with his two accomplices. What I got from the literature is that life is too short to live pointing out others defects. Before people point out others defects, they might want to take into consideration and examine their defects. For example, the grandmother was too concerned about others defects that she did not realize that her defects were just as bad since she was selfish, racist, and arrogant. The grandmother showed many bad characteristics like her being racist. Throughout th... ...ave begged for her son and grandchildren life instead of trying save her life. The type of literary element shown here is conflict. The type of conflict that is shown is man versus man because the grandmother is constantly trying to convince someone in doing something else. It also shows conflict because the grandmother was begging for her life, but at the end that did not work because she ended up getting killed either way. All in all, there will always be people that will judge every move everyone else does in life just like the grandmother did in the story. As a result, people will just have to learn how to deal with it because if others decide to judge them they are probably doing something right. However, if you decide to judge someone else before you do it turn the critical eye on yourself and judge your personal life and ask yourself how is your life doing? Essay -- Pedro Ventura Mary Cook English 1302.54 13 February 2014 E1. Analysis Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†- Worry about yourself instead of others!!! In today’s society, people are so concerned about others people life’s that they lose the real meaning to theirs. A Good Man is Hard to Find is a great example of that. The short story was about a grandmother that lived her life pointing out other people’s defects but had not realized her own. The short story was first published in 1959, and it all started with a family planning a road trip to Florida. Although, the grandmother wanted to go to Tennessee, her son, Bailey insisted in going to Florida. As they were traveling to Florida, the grandmother started to talk about an old house that she thought was close by. As a result, it caused the family to deviate the road they were on due to a tantrum the kids made. The grandmother then realized that the house was in Tennessee and not in Georgia, as a result it caused Bailey to lose control of the car and crash. As they were checking if everyone were okay a car pulled over besides them, and 3 men got out all carrying guns. Quickly, the grandmother recognizes the driver as The Misfit, as a result it led to everyone dying in the hands of the driver with his two accomplices. What I got from the literature is that life is too short to live pointing out others defects. Before people point out others defects, they might want to take into consideration and examine their defects. For example, the grandmother was too concerned about others defects that she did not realize that her defects were just as bad since she was selfish, racist, and arrogant. The grandmother showed many bad characteristics like her being racist. Throughout th... ...ave begged for her son and grandchildren life instead of trying save her life. The type of literary element shown here is conflict. The type of conflict that is shown is man versus man because the grandmother is constantly trying to convince someone in doing something else. It also shows conflict because the grandmother was begging for her life, but at the end that did not work because she ended up getting killed either way. All in all, there will always be people that will judge every move everyone else does in life just like the grandmother did in the story. As a result, people will just have to learn how to deal with it because if others decide to judge them they are probably doing something right. However, if you decide to judge someone else before you do it turn the critical eye on yourself and judge your personal life and ask yourself how is your life doing?

Opening a fast-food franchise Essay

Opening a fast-food franchise can be a very rewarding venture. Consumers ate as much as US$110 billion worth of fast-food in the United States in year 2000 alone, a dramatic increase from only US$6 billion in 1970. According to The National Restaurant Association, this trend continues to be observed as fast-food sales grow at a rate of 5% per annum to an estimated US$163 billion by the end of 2007 (Maxwell, 2003). This gives us the idea that a fast-food franchise is potentially a very profitable business option. However despite this implication, an average of three out of twenty-five franchises of major fast-food corporations close down at the end of every fiscal year (Maxwell, 2003), which tells us that merely opening a fast-food franchise does not guarantee success in the business. Therefore there is a need to follow certain guidelines in order to increases the chances of succeeding in the fast-food business venture. The first step is selecting an appropriate fast-food site. This could be a piece of property that you own or intend to lease. It is of prime importance that you first evaluate whether or not your intended site is fit for a fast-food franchise. Some franchisors require you to follow specific guidelines in selecting a site while others may even require you to merely choose from a list of sites that they offer. Sound evaluation of a prospective site involves a scrutiny of 1. ) sanitation, 2. ) consumer base, and 3. ) competition (Hogan, 1997). A fast-food site must be in an area that is relatively sanitized. You should never choose a site that is next to a junkyard or other similar structures. The best sites are located in places that have obvious potential consumer bases such as near a school where the school’s students and faculty members might comprise a commanding consumer base. Unfortunately, there are usually other fast-food outlets already installed in the best of fast-food site areas, which makes it important for you to first analyze the level of competition in the immediate area and whether you would be able to stand up to it. The second step is to select an appropriate franchisor (Hogan, 1997). The fast-food that you will choose should be in demand to your prospective consumer base. You can conduct a survey on the food preferences of people in your prospective site in order to have a better idea of which franchisor to select. It is also important to select a franchisor that has a well popularized trademark and a proven formula for good business. This is the main advantage to buying a franchise as opposed to starting a new fast food joint from scratch. Aspects of a fast-food franchisor such as advertising, good will, and favorable sanitation reports all trickle down to individual franchises. Furthermore, a well run franchise should be able to assist a franchisee on everything, from site selection and even lease negotiation to staff training, ingredients advisory and operations monitoring. The last step is to make the proper arrangements with your selected franchisor (Hogan, 1997). This involves settling a number of fees including those for initial franchise, royalties, and other miscellaneous fees for advertising and promotions. This step also includes hiring and training required staff and setting up the selected site. With all those taken cared of, what remains to be done is to procure stock for the food to be served and then you are good to go. Franchising is a potentially profitable business option. Anyone who is thinking about making such a venture should first look for an appropriate site and select a reliable franchisor before going into the detail of making final arrangements of setting up a franchise.

Imprisonment in Frankenstein

In Mary Shelley's gothic novel Frankenstein and Charlotte Gilman's short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† imprisonment is a reoccurring theme. The main characters in both stories seek to break free of the confinements imposed upon them by hierarchical societies. These strictly stratified societies prosecute the characters;who respond with immediate action in order to achieve that freedom which their societies have purged from them.Victor Frankenstein, Frankenstein's monster, and John's wife all suffer the indignities of both literal and metaphorical imprisonment founded on racism, classism, and sexism. In â€Å"Frankenstein,† Victor endures several types of imprisonment. His workshop is much like a prison cell, in that he stays in the room for months at a time and leaves only for brief stretches. Victor admits that, â€Å"My cheek had grown pale with study, and my person had become emaciated with confinement† (Shelly 32). Victor is literally imprisoned by the a uthorities for the murder of his best friend, Henry Clerval.He is metaphorically imprisoned by his inability to protect his loved ones, including his future wife, from his monster. He reveals the dread created by his powerlessness when he says, â€Å"And then I thought again of his words- I will be with you on your wedding-night† (Shelly 117). Victor’s fear of social ostracism, which would be the likely outcome if anyone of his class were to discover that he had created the repulsive monster that had killed so many innocent people, also impairs his actions.It is only after he decides to hunt down the monster and vanquish him in order to ease his conscience that Victor breaks free from the prison that his fears create for him. Although Victor dies before avenging his loved ones, his death is what ultimately releases him from this prison. Frankenstein's monster also suffers both literal and metaphoric imprisonment. Because his hideous appearance prevents him from develop ing relationships with humans, he is a prisoner in his own body. The monster’s accidental killing of a boy in the woods is an example his inability to have even the most basic social experiences.The monster is also sentenced to something like solitary confinement by the De Laceys. Although he spends months learning how to speak and read so that others will think him civilized, the De Laceys chase him away when he finally approaches them. Felix tackles the monster who remorsefully states â€Å"I could have been torn limb from limb† (Shelly 91), this shows how unwilling the De Laceys are to compromise. The monster is wronged in the same way that the victims of racism are wronged: namely, he is rejected for his outwardly appearance.Even though the monster is the only one of it's race, he is prosecuted by a hierarchical society who doesn't judge based on character. Frankenstein's monster tries to win his freedom from isolation by asking his creator, Victor, to construct a female monster for him. The monster pleads, â€Å"You must create a female for me, with whom I can live in the interchange of the sympathies necessary for my being† (Shelly 98). The monster believes that having a companion would give him a reason to live, however Victor denies his monster of this request. We see in Anne K.Mellor's â€Å"Processing Nature: The Female in Frankenstein†, â€Å"By stealing the female's control over reproduction, Frankenstein has eliminated the female's primary biological function and source of cultural power†(Mellor 274). This further more states that Victor has created the perfect patriarchal society, in which the creation of humanity no longer needs the service of women. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† also experiences several different types of imprisonment. The woman's husband, John, treats her like a prisoner in her own home because of her postpartum depression.She feels that she has very little freedom of though t or action because John dictates the course of her life as though he were a prison guard. She has internalized her husband’s authority to the point she hears John's voice in her head. The narrator states, â€Å"I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus-but John says the very worst thing I can do is think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad. So I will let it alone and talk about the house†(Gilman 2).The narrator starts to keep a secret journal because of this captivity, this writing is the only emotional stimulus the woman can forgo to express herself freely. She says, â€Å"I must not let them find me writing† (Gilman 3). In a metaphorical sense, the woman finds herself trapped by her condition and the patriarchal society in which she lives. Both prevent her from asserting her independence as a women. In a physical sense, she finds herself confined to a room of John’s choosing. All she can do is obsess over the wallpaper. The narrator says, â€Å"I am getting really fond of the room in spite of the wallpaper.Perhaps because of the wallpaper† (Gilman 7). Eventually, when she sees the creeping women in the wallpaper,the narrator gains a measure of freedom when she tears it all down, thus freeing her mind as well as the imprisoned women, fusing into one. The narrator rejoices that, â€Å"I've got out at last† (Gilman 10). She goes insane at the cost of winning her freedom from John and a sexist society. The main characters in both stories undergo a major transformation. They all start as prisoners of sorts, but they all eventually break free when they confront the powers that imprison them.This proves evident with some truths about humanity, about the prisons that we construct for ourselves and the prisons that our societies constructs for us. Victor Frankenstein, Frankenstein's monster, and John's wife all suffer from hierarchical societies wh ich reject the characters, who attempt to gain their freedom which have been denied to them.Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte. The Yellow Wallpaper. Boston, Ma: Small & Maynard, 1899. Web. 2 Oct. 2010. . Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York, NY: W. W. Norton &, 1996. Print.

Michael Jordan essays

Michael Jordan essays Michael Jordan the greatest basketball player of all time. In this biography I will explain why he is looked at as the king of basketball. I will mention his championships as a collegian and NBA player, second of all his MVP trophies from the all-star games, and last but not least the great records that he has set. The reason I choose Michael "Air"Jordan is because he is successful in the game that I love to play so much. He has been in the places and situations that I dream of being in. The first of many championships begun in college. The collage of the North Carolina Tar Heels. , Michael's Tar Heels competed against Patrick Ewing's Georgetown Hoyas for the number one ranking all year. It finally boiled down to the championship game in which both teams were back and forth for the lead. One would get the lead then the other would score and get the lead. Both teams were full of future all-stars even hall-of-famer including Michael.The game came down to seconds, and one basket Who di d that basketball go to? Ewing, Worthy maybe Sam Perkins? Non of them, it was Michael "Air" Jordan. That kicked off his championship spree as he went on to collect five more with NBA's Chicago Bulls. To add to all the championships and people who say he's the best basketball player ever, Jordan has added many MVP trophies to his repertoire. He has won more MVP trophies than Larry Bird, Magic Johnson or even Isiah Thomas and that is to name a few. Some say the voters are biased to him because for his past accomplishments but you cant argue with all the championships records. Michael has at least one more MVP to get in him. The numerous amount of records that Michael has made and sometimes just plane shattered old records is another thing that caused him to be the best. Some records he has set of consecutive scoring titles, best free throw percentage in a season and much more. Some of the records that are not mentioned when people are raving about the king ...

Questions For Financial Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions For Financial Quiz - Essay Example The essay "Questions For Financial Quiz" presents a set of questions on a financial theme with the provided information about company's income and balance. One of the tasks in this quiz is to calculate firm’s ROA, ROE, Net Profit Margin, and TIE (Times Interest Earned) ratio for both 1999 and 2000. Also, the following questions are present in this quiz: Some executives, including CEO, are not quite happy with firm’s performance on profitability, especially when they look back last year. However, you believe that the company has improved its profitability during the period. Can you explain why you believe so? Calculate firm’s Current and Quick ratio for both 1999 and 2000. Why do investors want to find out firm’s current and quick ratio before they purchase its stocks? Calculate firm’s Debt ratio for both 1999 and 2000. Use firm’s long-term debt for the calculation. Explain how a firm can save its taxes through depreciation and calculate firm’s EPS and P/E ratio. Some financial analysts argue that Panther Corporation is now highly overvalued in the stock market. They, therefore, recommend selling all the shares if you have any. However, you have a totally different opinion. You believe the stock is greatly undervalued and thus, it may be a good time to buy. Please explain why you believe so? You can assume that Panther Corporation is financially and operationally as good as most of its competitors in the industry. Compute Total Financing Needed. Assume that the plant is operated at full capacity.

Preparing Risk Management Guidelines Assignment

Preparing Risk Management Guidelines - Assignment Example ated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor and control the probability and /or impact of unfortunate events (Howells & Schulze, 2009, p. 89). There are various causes of business risks such as natural causes, financial risks, market risks, credit risks, accidents, legal liabilities, and projects failures among others. A business should have well defined strategies to manage and control various risks that may occur in business including the contractual and vicarious liabilities (Austen-Baker, 2011). The risk management guidelines will help the business management to establish resources for designing and delivering professional and effective risk management strategies during execution of business its operations. The parties in a contract must follow the right channel of communication in order to minimize liability. For example, if some conditions arise that makes discharge of the contractual duties impossible or delayed the party should communicate with the other party immediately and agree on the best course of action to take (Austen-Baker, 2011). The most common methods of managing risks in business includes averting of risks, transfer of risk to a third-party such as insurance, reducing the negative impact of risks and acceptance of some or all consequences of risks (Stone & Devenney, 2014). The parties to the contract should do all they can to avoid the occurrence of risk during the implementation of the contract. If one party failed to perform according to the contract and the other party had an opportunity to mitigate the loss suffered due to partial performance or lack of performance of the contract, both parties will be held responsible, and the offended will be liable for contribut ory negligence. The damages that the offender can pay in such a case are reduced by the amount of damage contributed by the offended person as stated in the case of Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 in which the trainee driver was held partly accountable

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay - 4

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill chapters 20-21 - Essay Example The Square deal was an approach where Roosevelt was focused in solving three fundamental community concerns. The other progressive who took up the Presidential Office was Woodrow Wilson, a democrat with proper academic backgrounds who was equipped with various community development change ideologies (Alan 2011, pg.516). In their quest to facilitate a corruption free society and foster development by using the progressivism program, the two presidents experienced several obstacles that derailed the achievement of their goals; however, they managed to overcome some of the obstacles and in the end achieved their development agendas. To begin with, when Roosevelt came to power as the President of the United States, he had a focus to address three aspects of the society in which on his own view were fundamental: Roosevelt was enthusiastic in protecting consumers, conserving the environment and controlling corporations (Alan 2011, pg. 516). In 1902, coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike demanding better pay, proper working conditions as well as a reduction of normal working time from ten hours to nine hours a day. President Roosevelt stepped in to create a solution to this conflict by calling a meeting with the mine owners for negotiations. However, some of the mine owners were reluctant and did not attend the meeting; some of them did not show sympathy and were adamant to meet the demands of their workers. President Roosevelt, having been motivated by the majority support from the public, miners and the workers’, decided to use his ‘big stick’ where: He was to seize and manage the mines through the use of Government troops (Alan 2011, pg. 517). Additionally, President Roosevelt experienced great challenges in his effort to eliminate corruption among monopolistic businesses and corporations (Trusts) of which majority were owned by the America’s

Country brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Country brand - Essay Example The elements explored in the paper are Tourism, Investment/Immigration, Culture and Export (Shimp, 2008). The other two elements of the hexagon are touched on briefly, that is the People and Governance. This is because the paper is fashioned to focus on matters of Nation Branding that are relevant to the creation of value for American corporate entities on the global level. Elements of Nation Branding In order to analyze the strategy of branding America, there is the need to explore the main elements of nation branding strategy. Olin defines a 7 step model that must be followed to draw a nation branding strategy (Molianen & Rainisto, 2009): 1. Define Preliminary Vision 2. Establish a Working Group 3. Internal & External Research 4. Formulation of Strategic Plan 5. Visualisation 6. Implementation of the Plans 7. Testing Implementation & assessment Preliminary Vision The preliminary vision of America's branding technique is to extend its influence over different country through a blend of diplomatic, governmental as well as industrial campaigns (Snow, 2009). This means that the branding of America is handled by the diplomatic corps which has a strong history of promoting America as a brand all over the world. There has also been different governmental projects and units set up over the past years that has been responsible for promoting America as a brand around the world. ... These questions are as follows: â€Å"Where are we now? How did we get here? Where do we want to be? How do we get there?† The United States is the most powerful and most popular country in the world today (Wolfe, 2007). It attained its status as a global super-power during and after the Second World War, which saw the influence of America spread throughout Europe and the rest of the world (Houghton, 2009). Since the 1950s, America led the West in gaining influence around the world against the Soviet led East (Wolfe, 2007). Due to this struggle, the United States created a very strong network to establish its presence in nations around the globe through various export techniques. This has boosted America's image around the world. Everyone around the world, from Latin America, Africa, Europe, Asia and the Middle East identifies with American movies, clothing, food, books, cars and brands. And this has been the case over the past 20 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union ( Houghton, 2009). However, in the era of globalisation, there are competitors that are coming up namely BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa) as well as old powers like Europe and Japan. There is the need to re-brand and present America in a different light. Currently, the vision of branding America is one that seeks to take advantage of the country's status as a super power, the country's past image and global influence as well as America's competitive strength against the emerging powers. Thus, the vision of the 21st Century for the branding of USA is as follows: 1. Re-branding the superpower and presenting it to the world in a different light. 2. Re-igniting the American flame 3. Putting American ingenuity to the doorsteps of the world 4.

Factors That Affect the Market Price of Oil

Factors That Affect the Market Price of Oil THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE MARKET PRICE OF A PRODUCT SUCH AS THE WORLD PRICE OF OIL IN THE PAST TWO DECADES. BRIEF: 103737 INTRODUCTION In order to have a good understanding of the factors that affect the market price of a product, one will first need to grasp the meaning of what a market is. A market can be defined as an area over which buyers and sellers negotiate the exchange of some product or related group of products. It must be possible, therefore, for buyers and sellers to communicate with each other and to make meaningful deals over the whole market. Individual markets differ in the degree of competition among the various buyers and sellers. In some cases where the number of buyers and sellers is sufficiently large no one of them will have any appreciable influence on price. This is what is known as a perfectly competitive market. However, for the purposes of this essay we will stick to the concept of a market. Using the table below we will show how the market price of a product (bread) is affected. Demand and supply schedules for eggs and equilibrium price From the table above we can see that the quantity demanded is much higher than the quantity supplied at 110 and 5 and the price is  £0.50. This shows an excess demand of 105. When the quantity demanded is 90 and the amount supplied to the market is 46, we have excess demand of 44 we correspondingly have a market price of 1. However, when the quantity demanded is 77.5 and the quantity supplied is 77.5, the market price for bread is  £1.50. At this point the quantity demanded is the same as the quantity supplied. At such a price consumers wish to buy exactly the same amounts as the producers wish to sell, this is known as the equilibrium price. At prices above  £1.50 the quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. Furthermore, the higher the price, the lower the excess of quantity demanded over quantity supplied. The amount by which the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied is called the excess demand, which is defined as quantity demanded minus quantity supplied (qd à ¢â‚¬â€œ qs). This is shown in the last column of the table. Finally, consider prices higher than  £1.50. At these prices consumers wish to buy less than producers wish to sell. Thus, quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded. Furthermore, the higher the price, the larger the excess of one over the other. In this case there is negative excess demand (qd – qs Now that we have understood the factors that affect the market price of a product, we can now move on to talk about the factors that affect the fluctuations in the price of oil for the past two decades. In 1985, the price of oil (Saudi Arabian Light) was $27.53 per barrel[1] (yearly average). The price of oil during this period was falling, in which in 1986, the Saudi’s abandoned the swing producer role because they had the largest reserves of oil and capacity utilization to stabilize the price of oil when there was a shortage in the world oil market. By 1987, the price of oil had dropped to $16.95. In 1988, it dropped further to $13.27 and $15.62 in 1989. In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait in what turned out to be a huge blow to the stable price of oil. The oil price rose to $20.45 per barrel. The major reason for this is that both Iraq and Kuwait were members of OPEC and due to the war there was a shortage of oil in the world oil market which led to an increase in the price of oil. Between 1990 and 1991 America launched operation desert storm, which was to help Kuwait against Iraq. This also contributed to the rise in the price of oil as America is the largest consumer of oil, an d they needed it during the military campaign of operation desert storm. In 1991 and 1992, the price of oil decreased to $16.63 and $17.16 respectively. In 1993, it fell again to $14.95 and $14.74 in 1994. In 1995, the price rose to $16.10, and in 1996 it shot up to $18.52. In 1998, the price initially dropped to $12.21 but shot back up again to $17.25 in 1999. The main reason for this during this period was that there was an Asian economic crisis; the Iraq oil-for-food programme which helped in stabilizing the price of oil in 1998. In 2000, the price of oil leaped to an astounding $26.20. The reason for this was that due to the decline in the price of oil OPEC members decided to cut back production in order to stabilize the price of oil, before it went below the amount various member countries of OPEC will be able to cover the cost of producing oil. In 2001, the price decreased to $22.81, and in the same year (Sept. 11th) there was an attack in the US which destroyed the world trad e centre. In 2002 to 2003, the price of oil rose to $23.74, and $26.78 respectively. This came about due to strong demand growth mainly from countries like China, and India, in which in 2004, the price of oil jumped to an ecstatic $33.64. In the present year of 2005, the monthly average of the price of oil has reached $63 a barrel. However, for reasons to do with accuracy, we have decided not to use 2005 figures since we are still in the year. The following graph represents the trend in the world price of oil over the past two decades. Data source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2005. On the supply side, the main players in the crude oil market are OPEC, which currently provides about 40 percent of world supply and hold about 70 percent of proven oil reserves, and non-OPEC producers who own the rest. OPEC as the marginal supplier does act like a cartel in most cases, i.e. they collude to restrict the output of oil and raise the price far above their cost. In recent years, its policy has been to balance the market while allowing for an appropriate level of crude oil inventories in consuming nations. Non-OPEC producers, on the other hand, have relatively limited reserves and spare capacity, and generally behave as price takers. Currently, the estimated reserves of OPEC are 890 billion barrels, as opposed to 177 million barrels for non-OPEC members. In the latter years, world events such as the Iran and Iraq war, the Asian economic crisis, the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq, and corporate social responsibility such as country legislation which regard environmental pollut ion as high on the agenda (in some country’s environmental pollution is stricter than others in order to produce oil, e.g. Nigeria has a less stricter environmental pollution legislation compared to Saudi Arabia) have all contributed to the fluctuations in the world price of oil. However, of recent, the strong demand growth from Asia and China in particular can be said to be the reason why the price of oil is rising. The consumption of oil in 2004 grew by 2.9 million barrels a day (mbd) (3.7 percent of which China contributed about 1 mbd) relative to 2003, which can be said to be the largest increase in the past 20 years. With notable exceptions of Iraq, Russia, and Saudi Arabia, the world’s oil producers may be close to their short-run output capacity. Thereby, continuing increases in demand and the possibility of even minor disruptions (Hurricane Katrina (US), Industrial disputes (Nigeria), environmental concerns (Nigeria)) in supply thus help in explaining the high market price for oil. Investment in refining capacity has been too low, and a mismatch has emerged between the type of refining capacity now required and what is available. For sometime, world oil demand has been driven by high-quality light crude (oil of low density or containing a low wax content, which makes production and refining easier) and by sweet crude (oil with a low sulphur content). Recent additions to production capacity by OPEC have though largely been in the heavy and sour grades of crude, which are more difficult and costly to refine. This lack of investment in appropriate refining capacity and limited substitution possibilities has pushed the retail price of oil up. Another reason which can be said to this lack of investment by OPEC members is a price collapse. When demand falls and the quotas allocated to member OPEC countries breaks down, the price can drop dramatically. For example, in 1997, OPEC raised its production ceiling by 2.5 million barrels per day in ant icipation of growing Asian demand, but the currency crisis of late 1997 instead caused Asian demand to fall. The result was a market price in 1998 that dipped to as low as $12.21 per barrel, the lowest level since 1973, and a $51 billion year over year reduction in oil revenue. In addition given continued uncertainty over the pace of China’s economic development, OPEC may be cautious in expanding supply capabilities due to this. This uncertainty of slow or minimal investment contributes to high futures prices for oil delivery several years ahead. One should also note that since 1986, most oil exporting countries have been burning more oil than they have discovered and since 1998, there has been a fragile balance between supply and demand. Oil is being found at a lower rate than what has been consumed, i.e. we are finding reserves at 7 billion while consuming oil at 30 billion barrels per annum (Exxon-Mobil estimates), hence the law of price adjustment and equilibrium can be s aid to have taken place. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION This paper has looked at the definition of what a market is. We have also mentioned the concepts of demand and supply with regards to equilibrium and the law of price adjustment. The erratic movement in the price of oil in the past two decades are also looked at. Issues of what factors cause fluctuations in the price of oil such as, the lack of investment by various OPEC member countries into oil production so as to keep up with the world demand of oil, the increasing demand of oil from Asia and the Peoples Republic of China, and the uncertainty of the oil market are all mentioned. It will be worthwhile to conclude that although at present these factors seem to be the norm that affects the price of oil, one should be more cautious into the future, as with hindsight these factors could become obsolete with time passing by. Potential factors which could turn out to be embedded in the future range from alternative sources of energy to synthetic fuels, in which in the long term the demand of oil will continue to exceed supply until the previous mentioned becomes entrenched in most economies. BIBLIOGRAPHY Asian Development Outlook, (2005), The challenge of higher oil prices. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, (2005), Putting energy in the spotlight. Berkmen, P., Ouliaris, S., and Samiei, H., (2005), The structure of the oil market and causes of high prices, research department, International Monetary Fund. Chrystal, K.A., and Lipsey, R.G., (2004), Economics, Tenth Edition, Oxford printing press. International Energy Agency, (2004), Analysis of the impact of high oil prices on the Global economy. www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2004/high_oil_prices.pdf. International Monetary Agency, (2004), Analysis of the impact of high oil prices on the global economy, research department, December. Saxton, J., (2005), Explaining the high price of oil, Joint Economic Committee, Research Report, United States Congress. Serrapere, J., (2005), Crude Oil – Energy and Market Outlook, September. APPENDICES Source: BP Statistical review data 2005 The following table since 1999 shows that there has been no ‘Real’ excess oil supply. Estimated Annual World Oil Demand Growth 2000 – 2005 (million barrels daily) % Change Source: IEA monthly oil report July, 2005. 1 Footnotes [1] The reason we have used US dollars is that it is predominantly used internationally as the currency to benchmark trade.

Ancient Greece Essay -- Ancient Greece Essays

Ancient Greece GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The Ancient Greek civilization was located on today’s Greek land, Ionian Islands, Asia Minor, South Italy, and Sicily. It is surrounded by mountains and in the north by water. The Ionian and the Aegean seas, together with natural islands and bays, gave the Greeks the opportunety to develop their maritime commerce and their rich culture. The mountains, which surrounded Greece, gave us the picture of its political character. From early times, the Greeks lived in independet settlements, and they were isolated from one another. Later, this settelments grew up into â€Å"poles† or city-states. The Mediteranien Sea moderates Greeks climate  ­ cooling air in summer and warmth in winter period. Summers are generaly hot and dry, and winters are mild and rainy in costal regions. In mountain region winters are stronger. GREEK’S HISTORY The Greek civilization has made great contributions in many areas to western society. Greeks scientists made revolutionary discoveries in medicine, mathematics, physics and astronomy. They also developed the expression of individuality. Those are only some reasons why the Greek civilization was and still is one of the most important civilizations in the world. TIME PERIODS 1. PROTOGEOMETRIC STYLE (1100-900 BC) The protogeometric period is time of economic and cultural depression. The depths of this depression occurred from circa 1100 to 1050 BC. This period is also known as the Sub  ­ Mycenean period on the Greek mainland, and Minoan period on the island of Crete. Contribution made by the Minoan and Mycenean Empire to the creation of the Greek civilization, helped them to develop their own Empire. The use of iron and the cremation of the dead became the greatest progress in Greek civilization. The urns for the ashes are among the most characteristic vessels of that period. 2. THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD (900-700 BC) This period, the Geometric period, is well known by many transformations and startling innovation in Greek architecture and sculpture. The population has increased, and people have moved from the isolated settlements to the city  ­ states. The Greeks also moved to the new teritories to the east, and to the west. In that, new-concured teritories, the Greeks founded commercial trading posts and colonies. Also in this period, new script was adopted  ­ the Semtic alpha... ... of workers, usually slaves or free people who were very poor. Those activities required a broad range of skills - the stone, clay and metal trades, sculptures, potters, painters; the clothing industry; the leather trade, tanners and cobblers; construction, stone cutters, carpenters; maritime transport, ship building, food production and many others. RELIGION The ancient Greeks were very religious people. They were poligamics, and they believed that a certain god shows up in a human form. In the Greek art, especially on the vases, many scenes with gods were illustrated. For people of the ancient Grrek, many gods usually had the affair with the usual man. This is even written in some myths, and the result of that event was that many demi-gods appeared. Sarcifices were the gifts for their gods. There were two types of sarcifices  ­ the bloodless (roots, cereal grains, fruits, cheese), and blood-offerings (animals, birds and fish). The Greeks housed their gods in temples, which were often enclosed by the walls. In the inside of the temples, big statues of their gods were exposed. When the ceremony took place, those statues were even bathed, clothed and symbolicayy fed. Ancient Greece Essay -- Ancient Greece Essays Ancient Greece GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The Ancient Greek civilization was located on today’s Greek land, Ionian Islands, Asia Minor, South Italy, and Sicily. It is surrounded by mountains and in the north by water. The Ionian and the Aegean seas, together with natural islands and bays, gave the Greeks the opportunety to develop their maritime commerce and their rich culture. The mountains, which surrounded Greece, gave us the picture of its political character. From early times, the Greeks lived in independet settlements, and they were isolated from one another. Later, this settelments grew up into â€Å"poles† or city-states. The Mediteranien Sea moderates Greeks climate  ­ cooling air in summer and warmth in winter period. Summers are generaly hot and dry, and winters are mild and rainy in costal regions. In mountain region winters are stronger. GREEK’S HISTORY The Greek civilization has made great contributions in many areas to western society. Greeks scientists made revolutionary discoveries in medicine, mathematics, physics and astronomy. They also developed the expression of individuality. Those are only some reasons why the Greek civilization was and still is one of the most important civilizations in the world. TIME PERIODS 1. PROTOGEOMETRIC STYLE (1100-900 BC) The protogeometric period is time of economic and cultural depression. The depths of this depression occurred from circa 1100 to 1050 BC. This period is also known as the Sub  ­ Mycenean period on the Greek mainland, and Minoan period on the island of Crete. Contribution made by the Minoan and Mycenean Empire to the creation of the Greek civilization, helped them to develop their own Empire. The use of iron and the cremation of the dead became the greatest progress in Greek civilization. The urns for the ashes are among the most characteristic vessels of that period. 2. THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD (900-700 BC) This period, the Geometric period, is well known by many transformations and startling innovation in Greek architecture and sculpture. The population has increased, and people have moved from the isolated settlements to the city  ­ states. The Greeks also moved to the new teritories to the east, and to the west. In that, new-concured teritories, the Greeks founded commercial trading posts and colonies. Also in this period, new script was adopted  ­ the Semtic alpha... ... of workers, usually slaves or free people who were very poor. Those activities required a broad range of skills - the stone, clay and metal trades, sculptures, potters, painters; the clothing industry; the leather trade, tanners and cobblers; construction, stone cutters, carpenters; maritime transport, ship building, food production and many others. RELIGION The ancient Greeks were very religious people. They were poligamics, and they believed that a certain god shows up in a human form. In the Greek art, especially on the vases, many scenes with gods were illustrated. For people of the ancient Grrek, many gods usually had the affair with the usual man. This is even written in some myths, and the result of that event was that many demi-gods appeared. Sarcifices were the gifts for their gods. There were two types of sarcifices  ­ the bloodless (roots, cereal grains, fruits, cheese), and blood-offerings (animals, birds and fish). The Greeks housed their gods in temples, which were often enclosed by the walls. In the inside of the temples, big statues of their gods were exposed. When the ceremony took place, those statues were even bathed, clothed and symbolicayy fed.

Project Evaluation Essay

REPORT ON PROJECT EVALUATION FOR KALAHI-CIDSS PROJECT, PHILIPPINES Introduction This report considers the following project evaluation methodologies in the context of the KALAHI – Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services (CIDSS) Project in the Philippines (â€Å"the Project†): (a) financial analysis; (b) economic analysis; (c) social cost benefit analysis; (d) other evaluation methods including willingness to pay, planning balance sheet and cost effectiveness analysis. In order to analyse the relevance of the various evaluation methods to the Project, it is appropriate to have regard to the objectives of the Project. The overarching objectives of the Project as outlined in the logical framework for the Project were to: †¢ improve local governance; †¢ reduce poverty; and †¢ improve the quality of life of the poor. By considering the various evaluation methodologies, it is possible to identify the evaluation methods that best apply to the Project, in light of its objectives. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Overview of financial analysis Financial analysis is an essential part of project appraisal which is necessary to estimate the financial profit generated by a project. Financial analysis â€Å"†¦attempts to determine the net financial benefit (or loss) to an  agency rather than the net benefit (or loss) to the economy or society. Financial evaluations are only concerned with cash flows in and out of the organisation.† (Commonwealth of Australia 2006, p. 28) Assessing the financial benefit of a project may be achieved through a consideration of the following: (a) net present value; (b) financial internal rate of return. Page 1 ARCH1260 Net present value Net present value is calculated by â€Å"†¦discounting a project’s cash receipts using the minimum required rate of return on new investment (cost of capital), summing them over the lifetime of the proposal and deducting the initial investment outlay.† (Levy and Sarnat 1982, p.55) It is necessary to apply a discount rate, that is the minimum required rate of return on new investment, to future cash receipts to determine the present value of those profits. The minimum required rate of return often reflects interest rates at which capital could otherwise earn interest in the market if it was not invested in a project. It is then necessary to sum the present value of cash receipts and deduct the initial cash investment for the project. Where the net present value is positive, the project may be accepted as financially viable. Financial internal rate of return The financial internal rate of return is calculated by determining the rate at which the net present value of a project equals zero. (Brent 1990) In determining financial internal rate of return, future cash receipts must be time-discounted to present values to relate to the initial investment outlay for the project. Levy and Sarnat (1982, p.55) suggest that as a general principle, where financial internal rate of return exceeds the discount rate, that is the minimum rate of return on new investment, a project may be accepted. Application of financial analysis to the case study Financial analysis is an essential valuation methodology to be applied to the Project to determine its financial viability. One of the key objectives of the Project was to maximise the use of the World Bank funding in order to ensure that the Project was economically beneficial to the Philippines’ national economy. (Araral and Holmemo 2007, p. 8) The funding of the subprojects was to be provided in counterpart by provincial, municipal and barangay local governments, in addition to funding from communities and private sources. As Araral and Holmemo (2007, p. vii) indicate, such contributions were intended to reduce the fiscal impact of the project on the national government. Accordingly, it was necessary for the various investors to be confident of the profitability of the Project. Moreover, the World Bank (2001, p. 25-26) required a financial analysis of the Project in order to determine the cost effectiveness of the Project and ultimately, whether to provide a loan to the Philippines government. However, it is noted that whilst carrying out a financial analysis is an essential aspect of project appraisal, there is a degree of uncertainty surrounding financial analysis at the outset of a project. This is particularly so in the context of developing countries where economic Page 2 ARCH1260 uncertainty affects market prices. Moreover, a financial analysis does not take account of external costs or benefits. (Commonwealth of Australia Jan 2006) ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Overview of economic analysis Economic analysis has a broader focus than financial analysis, it considers â€Å"†¦ the overall impact of a project on improving the economic welfare of the citizens of the country concerned. It assesses a project in the context of the national economy, rather than for the project participants or the project entity that implements the project. Economic analysis differs from the financial analysis in terms of both (i) the breadth of the identification and evaluation of inputs and outputs, and (ii) the measure of benefits and costs.† (Economics and Development Resource Centre Feb 1997, p. 9) The focus of economic analysis is the profitability of a project for society, rather than simply the project investor. Similar to financial analysis, through economic analysis, the net present value of a project may be calculated by summing the future flow of social benefits, less social costs (discounted to present values) and deducting the initial investment outlay. A project will be viable if the net present value of the project is greater than zero, that is, social benefits exceed social costs. Moreover, the economic internal rate of return may also be calculated for a project, by considering the net present value of a project taking into account social costs and benefits. The higher the economic internal rate of return, the more beneficial the project is to society. Discounting must be factored into the calculation of these analyses, being the minimum required rate of return on new investment, as an expression of society’s preferences rather than on the basis of interest rate as is used in financial analysis. In order to measure the social costs and benefits of a project, it is necessary to determine the common unit of account or numeraire that benefits and costs should be expressed in. Thirwall (1983, p. 213) suggests that whilst the numeraire may be expressed in domestic prices or international prices, using world prices is justified as it â€Å"†¦avoids the use of the exchange rate in order to value in a single currency some goods measured at world prices (traded goods) and others measured at domestic prices (non-traded goods).† It is also necessary, when carrying out economic analysis to adopt shadow prices. Shadow prices place a value on a factor for which there is inadequate market information, given that â€Å"†¦a project’s inputs and outputs should not necessarily be valued at current market prices because the market price may not reflect the social opportunity cost of the resource†. (Devarajan et al Feb 1997, p. 36) For example, in the context of labour, a project may Page 3 ARCH1260 employ an individual at a certain wage, which represents a financial cost, however that financial cost does not represent the social cost of  employment, being the supply price of labour. As such, a shadow price may be adopted to reflect the social opportunity cost of employment generated by the project. Application of economic analysis to the case study The Project sought to achieve several benefits beyond profitability, including improved infrastructure and services, increased community participation and improved quality of life. Accordingly, economic analysis is relevant in that it evaluates the Project’s benefits to all levels of government and to the community, rather than just the investors. An economic analysis can be carried out in respect of the infrastructure subprojects, as is evident in the analysis summarised by Aral and Holmemo (2007). For example, it is possible to quantify the cost of construction and maintenance of roads against benefits such as number of households benefiting from a road and transport costs for paddy and fertilizer. (Aral and Holmemo 2007, p. 12) However, it should be noted that economic analysis is still confined to those benefits and costs that can be measured. Whilst economic analysis is clearly useful for assessing the economic benefits and costs of the infrastructure subprojects, other broader benefits, such as better access to social services and technology and possible benefits from improvements in barangay governance (Aral and Holmemo 2007, p. 21-22), are not captured through economic analysis. SOCIAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Overview of social cost-benefit analysis Cost-benefit analysis involves the application of both financial analysis and economic analysis to a project to determine the strength of the project in being profitable and contributing to society. It â€Å"†¦attempts to measure the value of all costs and benefits that are expected to result from the activity. It includes estimating costs and benefits which are ‘unpriced’ and not the subject of normal market transactions but which nevertheless entail the use of real resources.† (Commonwealth of Australia Jan 2006, p. 5) Moreover, this analysis involves a consideration of distributional issues, that is, how benefits and costs from a project are distributed amongst private and public sectors. (Little and Mirrlees 1990, p. 352) Page 4 ARCH1260 Application of social cost-benefit analysis to the case study The use of social cost-benefit analysis as a method of evaluation for the Project is beneficial in combining a consideration of the financial viability of the project and the costs and benefits of the Project for society as a whole. It is relevant to turn to the scenarios for cost-benefit analysis for the case study. For roads, the best scenario for both road construction and road improvement is scenario 3. This is because whilst the net present value and economic internal rate of return for both scenario 1 and scenario 3 is the same for both road construction and road improvement, the discount rate for scenario 3 in both instances is less than that for scenario 1. That means that the economic internal rate of return is proportionally greater than the discount rate in scenario 3 and as such the return on those projects is greater than it would be for the scenario 1 projects. Furthermore, in the case of both road construction and road improvement, scenario 2 is the worst scenario, as the net present value is significantly less than the other scenarios and also the economic internal rate of return is lower. The higher the internal rate of return, the more beneficial the project. Overall, road construction under scenario 3 is a better option than road improvement as both the net present value and economic internal rate of return is greater for road construction than road improvement. For school building, whilst scenario 1 and scenario 3 have the same economic internal rate of return (15.91%) and the net present value for scenario 1 (at 42,729 USD) is slightly higher than that of scenario 3 (at 42,000 USD), scenario 3 is the best option as the economic internal rate of return is proportionally greater than the discount rate at 10%, rather than under scenario 1 where the discount rate is 15%. Accordingly, scenario 2 is the worst option with the lowest net present value and an economic internal rate of return which is less than the discount rate. Where economic internal rate of return is less than the discount rate the project should not be considered. As such,  scenario 2 should not be considered. For school improvement, scenario 1 and scenario 3 have the same net present value (22,930 USD) and economic internal rate of return (15.10%), however scenario 3 is more favourable given that its economic internal rate of return is proportionally greater than its discount rate (10%) than scenario 1’s discount rate (15%). Scenario 2 is the worst option given that it has a lower net present value than the other scenarios and its economic internal rate of return is less than its discount rate and as such it should not be considered. Overall, school building under scenario 3 is a better option than road improvement as the net present value of the project is greater and the proportional relationship between economic Page 5 ARCH1260 internal rate of return and discount rate is higher for school building than for school improvement. OTHER EVALUATION METHODS Overview of other evaluation methods Willingness to pay Willingness to pay examines how much a person is willing to pay for a good or service. The value that a person is willing to pay is then compared to the actual cost of the good or service. This technique relies on data collection through surveying people in a community in which a project is proposed. For example, Whittington et al (1990) surveyed a village in southern Haiti regarding willingness to pay for water services. Whilst it is suggested that the viability of willingness to pay surveys is limited given the scope for bias in individuals’ responses, Whittington et al concluded that such surveys were a feasible method of estimating willingness to pay for improved water services (1990, p. 308). Planning balance sheet This evaluation methodology attempts to list ‘intangible’ benefits of a project and also involves an analysis of the distribution of project benefits amongst society. Cost-benefit analysis only considers those  benefits that can be easily measured. As Materu (1985, p. 4) suggests, â€Å"†¦the tendency to select projects on the basis of their expected quantified monetary benefits, with intangibles treated as a minor balancing factor – which is inherent in traditional forms of cost-benefit analysis, can be misleading because it may not reflect the true social value of an investment.† The planning balance sheet approach attempts to focus on all costs and benefits of a project to the community rather than simply quantifiable economic costs and benefits. Cost effectiveness analysis Cost effectiveness analysis involves an assessment of the cost of investment in a project against the benefits measured on the basis of physical units rather than monetary value, for example, number of lives saved or children provided with an education. This enables an evaluation of the effectiveness of money spent to achieve program objectives. Cost effectiveness analysis is valuable for assessing the cost-effectiveness of alternatives programmes with similar objectives, where the project objectives are clearly defined. Page 6 ARCH1260 Application of other evaluation methods to the case study Whilst the willingness to pay approach might be suitable in respect of the infrastructure subprojects that are part of the case study, this evaluation method is not suitable for taking account of the broader aspects of the Project, such as improved community participation and quality of life. However, the planning balance sheet approach is likely to be useful in analysing the benefits of those aspects of the Project, given that they are difficult to quantify in a monetary sense. In considering cost effectiveness analysis, whilst there may be some value in measuring the benefits of the Project on the basis of units such as number of people engaged in community decision-making, however this would be difficult to measure given the broad scope of the Project wherein programmes for improved governance and participation are to be tailored to local barangay communities. As such,  this method of evaluation would not produce consistent results for carrying out preliminary appraisal of the Project. Conclusions Conducting a financial analysis is an essential part of appraisal for the Project in order to determine the financial profitability of the project for the investors. However, it is relevant to examine other aspects of the project to determine its viability given the objectives were broader than merely financial objectives. Economic analysis is relevant to apply market prices to the costs and benefits of the Project to society, rather than just the investors in the project. This enables a consideration of the net benefits of the Project as against the cost of capital expenditure required to implement the Project. Financial analysis and economic analysis are both relevant to conducting a meaningful evaluation of the Project, however, they are of limited use if applied independently. As such, social cost-benefit analysis offers an effective methodology for assessing both the financial and economic costs and benefits of the Project, and enables a consideration of how those costs and benefits would be distributed amongst various sectors within society. By applying social cost-benefit analysis, it is possible to determine whether the benefits outweigh the costs of the project to the extent that the capital should not be invested elsewhere. However, whilst social cost-benefit analysis can be used to assess benefits and costs of those aspects of the Project that are easily quantifiable, such as the infrastructure subprojects, this method does not give weight to the benefits and costs associated with the intangible objectives of the Project such as increased community participation, improved local governance and quality of life. Here, the planning balance sheet approach is useful as a means to give weight to the intangible benefits of the Project to society. Page 7 ARCH1260 Aral, E. and Holmemo, C. 2007, ‘Measuring the Costs and Benefits of Community Driven Development: The KALAHI-CIDSS Project, Philippines’, Social Development Papers – Paper No. 102. Brent, R. 1990, â€Å"Investment Criteria†, Chapter 2 in Project Appraisal for Developing Countries, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, pp. 24-39. Commonwealth of Australia. January 2006, Introduction to Cost-Benefit Analysis and Alternative Evaluation Methodologies, Department of Finance and Administration. [online] http://www.finance.gov.au/publications/finance-circulars/2006/01.html [Accessed 9 October 2011] Devarajan, S., Squire, L. and Suthiwart-Narueput, S. February 1997, â€Å"Beyond Rate of Return: Reorienting Project Appraisal†, The World Bank Research Observer, 12(1), pp. 3546. Economics and Development Resource Centre. February 1997, Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects, Asian Development Bank. [online] http://www.adb.org/Documents/Guidelines/Eco_Analysis/eco-analysis-projects.pdf [Accessed 3 October 2011] Levy, H. and Sarnat, M. 1982, â€Å"The Economic Evaluation of Investment Proposals†, Chapter 3, in Capital Investment and Financial Decisions, 2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall International, pp. 39-64. Materu, J. 1985, â€Å"A Planning Balance Sheet of a Sites and Services Project in Tanzania†, University of Sheffield Department of Town and Regional Planning Occasional Paper Number 57. Thirwall, A. 1983, â€Å"Social Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Shadow Wage†, Growth and Development with Special Reference to Developing Economies, London: Macmillan, pp. 202-216. Whittington, D., Briscoe, J., Mu, X. and Barron, W. 1990, â€Å"Estimating the Willingness to Pay for Water Services in Developing Countries: A Case Study of the Use of Contingent Valuation Surveys in Southern Haiti†, Economic Development and Cultural Change, pp. 293311. World Bank. 2010, The World Bank Annual Report 2010, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank, Washington DC. [online] Page 8 ARCH1260 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTANNREP2010/Resources/WorldBankAnnualReport2010.pdf [Accessed 10 August 2011] Page 9